The Public Services (Social Value Act) was passed
 

at the end of February 2012.in UK 

Democracy is a supply-demand phenomenon. On the supply side it becomes manifest in that power holders institutionalize democracy. On the demand side it is reflected in ordinary people’s preference for democracy.

World Values Research
Volume 1 / Number 3 / 2008
________________________________________________________
Evidencing and Explaining Democratic Congruence: The Perspective of “Substantive” Democracy
CHRISTIAN WELZEL Jacobs University Bremen♥

HANS-DIETER KLINGEMANN Social Science Research Center Berlin 

Reciprocity operates to facilitate the involvement of individuals in the community not just as consumers of knowledge and services but as participants in the larger public culture of democracy.

Saltmarsh, J., Hartley, M. and P.H.Clayton (2009) Democratic Engagement White Paper. Boston, MA: New England Resource Center for Higher Education.



high risk /high reward of public engagement 

Those individuals most likely to become involved in public life typically benefit from greater time, money, organizational and communication skills; are more politically interested, knowledgeable, opinion-intense, efficacious, and trusting; and receive a greater number of requests to become involved from peers and groups (Verba et al., 1995; Nie, Junn & Stehlik-Barry, 1996)

onversations promote participation by providing “mobilizing information” that tells individuals how to get involved and who to contact and by defining issues in personally relevant ways (Campbell & Kwak, 2010; de Zúñiga et al.,  2010; Eveland & Scheufele, 2000).

care/harm – concerns about the caring for and protection of others

fairness/cheating – concerns about treating others fairly and upholding justice
loyalty/betrayal – concerns about group membership; loyalty to one’s nation and community
authority/subversion – concerns about legitimacy, leadership and tradition
liberty/oppression– concerns about personal freedom and control by others
sanctity/degradation – concerns about purity, sanctity and contamination here

(Bock & Kim 2002; Ryu, Hee-Ho & Han 2003; Gottschalk et al. 2005), the model is considered fit to guide the study. Expected reward, expected contribution, and expected association were determinants of the attitude of workers towards knowledge sharing, whilst attitude was a determinant of the workers’ intention to share knowledge.

​But amid all the hoopla of big data and social media, some older, simpler technologies have proved to be incredibly successful. Within 48 hours of the 2010 Haiti earthquake devastating the country, nearly $5 million in aid had been raised in the U.S. via text messages. Within 10 days that had grown to more than $30 million. And according to a Pew Study, 78% of the donors had never given money before.

​MAKING IT PERSONAL

Charles Leadbeater
Jamie Bartlett

Niamh GallagherThis report advocates a simple yet transformational

approach to public services – self-directed services – which
allocate people budgets so they can shape, with the advice
of professionals, the support and services they need. This
participative approach delivers highly personalised, lasting
solutions to people’s needs for social care, education and
health at lower cost than traditional, inflexible and top-down
approaches.

“Drawing on social constructivism, postempiricists employ interpretative and discursive methods to show that politics and policy are grounded in subjective factors, and, in the process, demonstrate that the “objective” findings reported by rational techniques are as often as not the product of deeper, less visible, social and political presuppositions” (Fischer 2009, 120).Fischer, Frank. Democracy and expertise: Reorienting policy inquiry. OUP Oxford, 2009.